![]() read more, depression Depression Depression is a feeling of sadness and/or a decreased interest or pleasure in activities that becomes a disorder when it is intense enough to interfere with functioning. Aging, estrogen deficiency, low vitamin D or calcium intake, and. People with COPD seem to have an increased risk of developing osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a condition in which a decrease in the density of bones weakens the bones, making breaks (fractures) likely. read more than do people who do not have COPD but smoke the same amount. One common symptom is a persistent cough or a change in the character. About 85% of cases are related to cigarette smoking. People with COPD who smoke have a higher risk of developing lung cancer Lung Cancer Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. ![]() People with COPD also have an increased risk of developing heart rhythm abnormalities Overview of Abnormal Heart Rhythms Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) are sequences of heartbeats that are irregular, too fast, too slow, or conducted via an abnormal electrical pathway through the heart. read more of the legs develops in people who have right-sided heart failure. Swelling may be widespread or confined to a single limb or part of a limb. Swelling Swelling Swelling is due to excess fluid in the tissues. read more, failure of the right side of the heart can occur (called cor pulmonale Cor Pulmonale Cor pulmonale is enlargement and thickening of the ventricle on the right side of the heart resulting from an underlying lung disorder that causes pulmonary hypertension (high pressures in the. Many disorders can cause pulmonary hypertension. As a result of the increased pressure, called pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary hypertension is a condition in which blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs (the pulmonary arteries) is abnormally high. The low oxygen levels in the blood also constrict the blood vessels leading from the right side of the heart to the lungs, thereby increasing the pressure in these vessels. Low oxygen levels in the blood, if not treated, stimulate the bone marrow to send more red blood cells into the bloodstream, a condition known as secondary polycythemia Secondary Thrombocythemia Secondary thrombocythemia is excess platelets in the bloodstream that develops as a result of another disorder and rarely leads to excessive blood clotting or bleeding. If low oxygen levels are not treated with supplemental oxygen, complications can occur. However, unlike airflow obstruction in COPD, airflow obstruction in asthma is completely reversible in most people, either spontaneously or with treatment. read more is also characterized by airflow obstruction. Coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath that occur in response to specific triggers are. Asthma Asthma Asthma is a condition in which the airways narrow-usually reversibly-in response to certain stimuli. Eventually, the small airways in the lung become narrowed and destroyed. Inflammation also causes swelling of the airway passages and secretions in them, further limiting airflow. ![]() Inflammation of the bronchioles develops and causes smooth muscles in lung tissue to contract (spasm), further obstructing airflow. In chronic bronchitis, the glands lining the larger airways (bronchi) of the lungs enlarge and increase their secretion of mucus. ![]() In emphysema, the destruction of alveolar wall attachments results in collapse of the bronchioles when a person exhales, causing airflow obstruction that is permanent and irreversible. The small airways (bronchioles) of the lungs contain smooth muscles and are normally held open by their attachments to alveolar walls. ![]()
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